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Use @acronym in place of most uses of @sc.

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This commit is contained in:
Jim Meyering
2002-05-26 15:29:10 +00:00
parent e9f9963e6b
commit 5e15547dad
1 changed files with 133 additions and 132 deletions
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@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions.
* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups.
* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory.
* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print @sc{posix} CRC checksum.
* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print @acronym{POSIX} CRC checksum.
* comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line.
* cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files.
* csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context.
@@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested,
please get involved in improving this manual. The entire @sc{gnu} community
will benefit.
@cindex @sc{posix}
@cindex @acronym{POSIX}
The @sc{gnu} utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the
@sc{posix} standard.
@acronym{POSIX} standard.
@cindex bugs, reporting
Please report bugs to @email{bug-coreutils@@gnu.org}. Remember
to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ context that requires a file name.
* Block size:: BLOCK_SIZE and --block-size, in some programs.
* Target directory:: --target-directory, in some programs.
* Trailing slashes:: --strip-trailing-slashes, in some programs.
* Standards conformance:: Conformance to the @sc{posix} standard.
* Standards conformance:: Conformance to the @acronym{POSIX} standard.
@end menu
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ kilobyte: @math{10^3 = 1000}.
@cindex kibibyte, definition of
kibibyte: @math{2^10 = 1024}. @samp{K} is special: the SI prefix is
@samp{k} and the IEC 60027-2 prefix is @samp{Ki}, but tradition and
@sc{posix} use @samp{k} to mean @samp{KiB}.
@acronym{POSIX} use @samp{k} to mean @samp{KiB}.
@item MB
@cindex megabyte, definition of
megabyte: @math{10^6 = 1,000,000}.
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ option, @command{mv}, for example, (via the system's rename function) must
interpret a trailing slash as a request to dereference the symbolic link
and so must rename the indirectly referenced @emph{directory} and not
the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior
be the default, it is required by @sc{posix} and is consistent with
be the default, it is required by @acronym{POSIX} and is consistent with
other parts of that standard.
@node Standards conformance
@@ -865,29 +865,29 @@ other parts of that standard.
@vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT
In a few cases, the @sc{gnu} utilities' default behavior is
incompatible with the @sc{posix} standard. To suppress these
incompatible with the @acronym{POSIX} standard. To suppress these
incompatibilities, define the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment
variable. Unless you are checking for @sc{posix} conformance, you
variable. Unless you are checking for @acronym{POSIX} conformance, you
probably do not need to define @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT}.
Newer versions of @sc{posix} are occasionally incompatible with older
versions. For example, older versions of @sc{posix} required the
Newer versions of @acronym{POSIX} are occasionally incompatible with older
versions. For example, older versions of @acronym{POSIX} required the
command @samp{sort +1} to sort based on the second and succeeding
fields in each input line, but starting with @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001
fields in each input line, but starting with @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001
the same command is required to sort the file named @file{+1}, and you
must instead use the command @samp{sort -k 2} to get the field-based
sort.
@vindex _POSIX2_VERSION
The @sc{gnu} utilities normally conform to the version of @sc{posix}
The @sc{gnu} utilities normally conform to the version of @acronym{POSIX}
that is standard for your system. To cause them to conform to a
different version of @sc{posix}, define the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}
different version of @acronym{POSIX}, define the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}
environment variable to a value of the form @var{yyyymm} specifying
the year and month the standard was adopted. Two values are currently
supported for @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}: @samp{199209} stands for
@sc{posix} 1003.2-1992, and @samp{200112} stands for @sc{posix}
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.2-1992, and @samp{200112} stands for @acronym{POSIX}
1003.1-2001. For example, if you are running older software that
assumes an older version of @sc{posix} and uses @samp{sort +1}, you
assumes an older version of @acronym{POSIX} and uses @samp{sort +1}, you
can work around the compatibility problems by setting
@samp{_POSIX2_VERSION=199209} in your environment.
@@ -1291,13 +1291,13 @@ Output at most @var{bytes} bytes of the input. Prefixes and suffixes on
@opindex --strings
@cindex string constants, outputting
Instead of the normal output, output only @dfn{string constants}: at
least @var{n} consecutive @sc{ascii} graphic characters,
least @var{n} consecutive @acronym{ASCII} graphic characters,
followed by a null (zero) byte.
If @var{n} is omitted with @option{--strings}, the default is 3. On
older systems, @sc{gnu} @command{od} instead supports an obsolete
option @option{-s[@var{n}]}, where @var{n} also defaults to 3.
@sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
@option{-s} without an argument; use @option{--strings} instead.
@item -t @var{type}
@@ -1312,14 +1312,14 @@ of each output line using each of the data types that you specified,
in the order that you specified.
Adding a trailing ``z'' to any type specification appends a display
of the @sc{ascii} character representation of the printable characters
of the @acronym{ASCII} character representation of the printable characters
to the output line generated by the type specification.
@table @samp
@item a
named character
@item c
@sc{ascii} character or backslash escape,
@acronym{ASCII} character or backslash escape,
@item d
signed decimal
@item f
@@ -1387,7 +1387,7 @@ output types.
If this option is not given at all, the default is 16. If @var{n} is
omitted with @option{--width}, the default is 32. On older systems,
@sc{gnu} @command{od} instead supports an obsolete option
@option{-w[@var{n}]}, where @var{n} also defaults to 32. @sc{posix}
@option{-w[@var{n}]}, where @var{n} also defaults to 32. @acronym{POSIX}
1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow @option{-w}
without an argument; use @option{--width} instead.
@@ -1409,7 +1409,7 @@ Output as octal bytes. Equivalent to @option{-toC}.
@item -c
@opindex -c
Output as @sc{ascii} characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to
Output as @acronym{ASCII} characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to
@option{-tc}.
@item -d
@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ versions of @command{pr}:
@item
Some small @var{letter options} (@option{-s}, @option{-w}) have been
redefined for better @sc{posix} compliance. The output of some further
redefined for better @acronym{POSIX} compliance. The output of some further
cases has been adapted to other Unix systems. These changes are not
compatible with earlier versions of the program.
@@ -1648,7 +1648,7 @@ Capital letter options override small letter ones.
@item
Some of the option-arguments (compare @option{-s}, @option{-e},
@option{-i}, @option{-n}) cannot be specified as separate arguments from the
preceding option letter (already stated in the @sc{posix} specification).
preceding option letter (already stated in the @acronym{POSIX} specification).
@end itemize
The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}.
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ Merge lines of full length. Used together with the column options
no column alignment used; may be used with
@option{--sep-string[=@var{string}]}. @option{-J} has been introduced
(together with @option{-W} and @option{--sep-string})
to disentangle the old (@sc{posix}-compliant) options @option{-w} and
to disentangle the old (@acronym{POSIX}-compliant) options @option{-w} and
@option{-s} along with the three column options.
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@ separator is the TAB character. In a strict sense a TAB is always
printed with single column output only. The @var{TAB}-width varies
with the @var{TAB}-position, e.g. with the left @var{margin} specified
by @option{-o} option. With multicolumn output priority is given to
@samp{equal width of output columns} (a @sc{posix} specification).
@samp{equal width of output columns} (a @acronym{POSIX} specification).
The @var{TAB}-width is fixed to the value of the first column and does
not change with different values of left @var{margin}. That means a
fixed number of spaces is always printed in the place of the
@@ -1868,7 +1868,7 @@ Separate columns by a single character @var{char}. The default for
character} with @option{-w}. Without @option{-s} the default separator
@samp{space} is set. @option{-s[char]} turns off line truncation of all
three column options (@option{-COLUMN}|@option{-a -COLUMN}|@option{-m}) unless
@option{-w} is set. This is a @sc{posix}-compliant formulation.
@option{-w} is set. This is a @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation.
@item -S @var{string}
@@ -1886,7 +1886,7 @@ Without @option{-S} or @option{-J}, @command{pr} uses a @samp{space}
@var{string} is equivalent to @option{--sep-string=""}.
On older systems, @command{pr} instead supports an obsolete option
@option{-S[@var{string}]}, where @var{string} is optional. @sc{posix}
@option{-S[@var{string}]}, where @var{string} is optional. @acronym{POSIX}
1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow this older
usage. To specify an empty @var{string} portably, use
@option{--sep-string}.
@@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ output only (default for @var{page_width} is 72). @option{-s[CHAR]} turns
off the default page width and any line truncation and column alignment.
Lines of full length are merged, regardless of the column options
set. No @var{page_width} setting is possible with single column output.
A @sc{posix}-compliant formulation.
A @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation.
@item -W @var{page_width}
@itemx --page_width=@var{page_width}
@@ -1995,7 +1995,7 @@ is broken at the maximum line length as usual.
Use a maximum line length of @var{width} columns instead of 80.
On older systems, @command{fold} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{width}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
@option{-@var{width}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow this; use @option{-w @var{width}}
instead.
@@ -2079,7 +2079,7 @@ On older systems, @command{head} supports an obsolete option
specified first. @var{count} is a decimal number optionally followed
by a size letter (@samp{b}, @samp{k}, @samp{m}) as in @code{-c}, or
@samp{l} to mean count by lines, or other option letters (@samp{cqv}).
@sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
this; use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
@node tail invocation
@@ -2251,7 +2251,7 @@ by a size letter (@samp{b}, @samp{k}, @samp{m}) as in @code{-c}, or
@samp{l} to mean count by lines, or other option letters
(@samp{cfqv}). Some older @command{tail} implementations also support
an obsolete option @option{+@var{count}} with the same meaning as
@option{-+@var{count}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
@option{-+@var{count}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow these options; use @option{-c
@var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead.
@@ -2298,7 +2298,7 @@ Use suffixes of length @var{length}. The default @var{length} is 2.
Put @var{lines} lines of @var{input} into each output file.
On older systems, @command{split} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{lines}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
@option{-@var{lines}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow this; use @option{-l @var{lines}}
instead.
@@ -2499,8 +2499,8 @@ containing the cumulative counts, with the file name @file{total}. The
counts are printed in this order: newlines, words, characters, bytes.
By default, each count is output right-justified in a 7-byte field with
one space between fields so that the numbers and file names line up nicely
in columns. However, @sc{posix} requires that there be exactly one space
separating columns. You can make @code{wc} use the @sc{posix}-mandated
in columns. However, @acronym{POSIX} requires that there be exactly one space
separating columns. You can make @code{wc} use the @acronym{POSIX}-mandated
output format by setting the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable.
By default, @code{wc} prints three counts: the newline, words, and byte
@@ -2628,7 +2628,7 @@ by comparing the @command{cksum} output for the received files with the
@command{cksum} output for the original files (typically given in the
distribution).
The CRC algorithm is specified by the @sc{posix} standard. It is not
The CRC algorithm is specified by the @acronym{POSIX} standard. It is not
compatible with the BSD or System V @command{sum} algorithms (see the
previous section); it is more robust.
@@ -2800,7 +2800,7 @@ order specified on the command line, according to the associated
ordering options, until a difference is found or no fields are left.
Unless otherwise specified, all comparisons use the character collating
sequence specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} locale. @footnote{If you
use a non-@sc{posix} locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL}
use a non-@acronym{POSIX} locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL}
to @samp{en_US}), then @command{sort} may produce output that is sorted
differently than you're accustomed to. In that case, set the @env{LC_ALL}
environment variable to @samp{C}. Note that setting only @env{LC_COLLATE}
@@ -2841,7 +2841,7 @@ The following options affect the ordering of output lines. They may be
specified globally or as part of a specific key field. If no key
fields are specified, global options apply to comparison of entire
lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that do
not specify any special options of their own. In pre-@sc{posix}
not specify any special options of their own. In pre-@acronym{POSIX}
versions of @command{sort}, global options affect only later key fields,
so portable shell scripts should specify global options first.
@@ -3065,8 +3065,9 @@ starting with 1. So to sort on the second field, you'd use
@opindex -z
@opindex --zero-terminated
@cindex sort zero-terminated lines
Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte (@sc{ascii}
@sc{nul} (Null) character) instead of an @sc{ascii} @sc{lf} (Line Feed).
Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte
(@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} (Null) character) instead of an
@acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf} (Line Feed).
This option can be useful in conjunction with @samp{perl -0} or
@samp{find -print0} and @samp{xargs -0} which do the same in order to
reliably handle arbitrary pathnames (even those which contain Line Feed
@@ -3076,9 +3077,9 @@ characters.)
Historical (BSD and System V) implementations of @command{sort} have
differed in their interpretation of some options, particularly
@option{-b}, @option{-f}, and @option{-n}. @sc{gnu} sort follows the @sc{posix}
@option{-b}, @option{-f}, and @option{-n}. @sc{gnu} sort follows the @acronym{POSIX}
behavior, which is usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior.
According to @sc{posix}, @option{-n} no longer implies @option{-b}. For
According to @acronym{POSIX}, @option{-n} no longer implies @option{-b}. For
consistency, @option{-M} has been changed in the same way. This may
affect the meaning of character positions in field specifications in
obscure cases. The only fix is to add an explicit @option{-b}.
@@ -3103,7 +3104,7 @@ Keys may span multiple fields.
On older systems, @command{sort} supports an obsolete origin-zero
syntax @samp{+@var{pos1} [-@var{pos2}]} for specifying sort keys.
@sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow
this; use @option{-k} instead.
Here are some examples to illustrate various combinations of options.
@@ -3241,7 +3242,7 @@ are sequences of non-space non-tab characters that are separated from
each other by at least one space or tab.
On older systems, @command{uniq} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{n}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
@option{-@var{n}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
does not allow this; use @option{-f @var{n}} instead.
@item -s @var{n}
@@ -3252,7 +3253,7 @@ Skip @var{n} characters before checking for uniqueness. If you use both
the field and character skipping options, fields are skipped over first.
On older systems, @command{uniq} supports an obsolete option
@option{+@var{n}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
@option{+@var{n}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
does not allow this; use @option{-s @var{n}} instead.
@item -c
@@ -3614,7 +3615,7 @@ As it is set up now, the program assumes that the input file is coded
using 8-bit ISO 8859-1 code, also known as Latin-1 character set,
@emph{unless} it is compiled for MS-DOS, in which case it uses the
character set of the IBM-PC. (@sc{gnu} @command{ptx} is not known to work on
smaller MS-DOS machines anymore.) Compared to 7-bit @sc{ascii}, the set
smaller MS-DOS machines anymore.) Compared to 7-bit @acronym{ASCII}, the set
of characters which are letters is different; this alters the behavior
of regular expression matching. Thus, the default regular expression
for a keyword allows foreign or diacriticized letters. Keyword sorting,
@@ -3901,7 +3902,7 @@ Circumflex and tilde diacritical marks produce the sequence @code{^\@{ @}} and
@code{~\@{ @}} respectively. Other diacriticized characters of the
underlying character set produce an appropriate @TeX{} sequence as far
as possible. The other non-graphical characters, like newline and tab,
and all other characters which are not part of @sc{ascii}, are merely
and all other characters which are not part of @acronym{ASCII}, are merely
changed to exactly one space, with no special attempt to compress
consecutive spaces. Let me know how to improve this special character
processing for @TeX{}.
@@ -4242,7 +4243,7 @@ to the join field. However, when printing unpairable lines
(using either of the @option{-a} or @option{-v} options), there is no way
to specify the join field using @var{m.n} in @var{field-list}
if there are unpairable lines in both files.
To give @command{join} that functionality, @sc{posix} invented the @samp{0}
To give @command{join} that functionality, @acronym{POSIX} invented the @samp{0}
field specification notation.
The elements in @var{field-list}
@@ -4377,10 +4378,10 @@ behave unexpectedly. For example, @samp{tr -d '[0-9]'} deletes brackets
as well as digits.
Many historically common and even accepted uses of ranges are not
portable. For example, on @sc{ebcdic} hosts using the @samp{A-Z}
portable. For example, on @acronym{EBCDIC} hosts using the @samp{A-Z}
range will not do what most would expect because @samp{A} through @samp{Z}
are not contiguous as they are in @sc{ascii}.
If you can rely on a @sc{posix} compliant version of @command{tr}, then
are not contiguous as they are in @acronym{ASCII}.
If you can rely on a @acronym{POSIX} compliant version of @command{tr}, then
the best way to work around this is to use character classes (see below).
Otherwise, it is most portable (and most ugly) to enumerate the members
of the ranges.
@@ -4500,7 +4501,7 @@ typically have the same length. If @var{set1} is shorter than
@var{set2}, the extra characters at the end of @var{set2} are ignored.
On the other hand, making @var{set1} longer than @var{set2} is not
portable; @sc{posix} says that the result is undefined. In this situation,
portable; @acronym{POSIX} says that the result is undefined. In this situation,
BSD @command{tr} pads @var{set2} to the length of @var{set1} by repeating
the last character of @var{set2} as many times as necessary. System V
@command{tr} truncates @var{set1} to the length of @var{set2}.
@@ -4524,7 +4525,7 @@ newlines.
@noindent
By the way, the above idiom is not portable because it uses ranges.
Assuming a @sc{posix} compliant @command{tr}, here is a better way to write it:
Assuming a @acronym{POSIX} compliant @command{tr}, here is a better way to write it:
@example
tr -cs '[:alnum:]' '[\n*]'
@@ -4639,7 +4640,7 @@ square brackets from interpretation by a shell.
@vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT
Setting the environment variable @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} turns off the
following warning and error messages, for strict compliance with
@sc{posix}. Otherwise, the following diagnostics are issued:
@acronym{POSIX}. Otherwise, the following diagnostics are issued:
@enumerate
@@ -4647,7 +4648,7 @@ following warning and error messages, for strict compliance with
When the @option{--delete} option is given but @option{--squeeze-repeats}
is not, and @var{set2} is given, @sc{gnu} @command{tr} by default prints
a usage message and exits, because @var{set2} would not be used.
The @sc{posix} specification says that @var{set2} must be ignored in
The @acronym{POSIX} specification says that @var{set2} must be ignored in
this case. Silently ignoring arguments is a bad idea.
@item
@@ -4658,7 +4659,7 @@ value 400 octal does not fit into a single byte.
@end enumerate
@sc{gnu} @command{tr} does not provide complete BSD or System V compatibility.
For example, it is impossible to disable interpretation of the @sc{posix}
For example, it is impossible to disable interpretation of the @acronym{POSIX}
constructs @samp{[:alpha:]}, @samp{[=c=]}, and @samp{[c*10]}. Also, @sc{gnu}
@command{tr} does not delete zero bytes automatically, unlike traditional
Unix versions, which provide no way to preserve zero bytes.
@@ -4702,7 +4703,7 @@ blanks as well as by commas.
On older systems, @command{expand} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{tab1}[,@var{tab2}]@dots{}}, where tabstops must be
separated by commas. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
separated by commas. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow this; use @option{-t
@var{tab1}[,@var{tab2}]@dots{}} instead.
@@ -4755,7 +4756,7 @@ blanks as well as by commas. This option implies the @option{-a} option.
On older systems, @command{unexpand} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{tab1}[,@var{tab2}]@dots{}}, where tabstops must be
separated by commas. (Unlike @option{-t}, this obsolete option does
not imply @option{-a}.) @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
not imply @option{-a}.) @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow this; use @option{--first-only -t
@var{tab1}[,@var{tab2}]@dots{}} instead.
@@ -4802,7 +4803,7 @@ directory, acting as if it had been invoked with a single argument of @samp{.}.
@vindex LC_ALL
By default, the output is sorted alphabetically, according to the locale
settings in effect. @footnote{If you use a non-@sc{posix}
settings in effect. @footnote{If you use a non-@acronym{POSIX}
locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL} to @samp{en_US}), then @command{ls} may
produce output that is sorted differently than you're accustomed to.
In that case, set the @env{LC_ALL} environment variable to @samp{C}.}
@@ -5084,8 +5085,8 @@ you prefer powers of 1024.
@cindex sorting @command{ls} output
These options change the order in which @command{ls} sorts the information
it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code (e.g., ASCII
order).
it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code
(e.g., @acronym{ASCII} order).
@table @samp
@@ -5365,7 +5366,7 @@ be one of the following:
@table @samp
@item full-iso
List timestamps in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation
heuristics. The format is @sc{iso} 8601 date, time, and time zone
heuristics. The format is @acronym{ISO} 8601 date, time, and time zone
format with nanosecond precision, e.g., @samp{2001-05-14
23:45:56.477817180 -0700}. It's not possible to change the format, but
you can extract out the date string with @command{cut} and then pass the
@@ -5377,7 +5378,7 @@ is available from the operating system. For example, this can help
when you have a Makefile that is not regenerating files properly.
@item iso
Use @sc{iso}-style time stamps like @samp{2001-05-14@ } and @samp{05-14
Use @acronym{ISO}-style time stamps like @samp{2001-05-14@ } and @samp{05-14
23:45}.
@item locale
@@ -5391,9 +5392,9 @@ environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_TIME}, @env{LANG} that is
set.
@item posix-iso
Use traditional @sc{posix}-locale dates like @samp{May 14@ @ 2001} and
@samp{May 14 23:45} unless the user specifies a non-@sc{posix} locale,
in which case use @sc{iso}-style dates. This is the default.
Use traditional @acronym{POSIX}-locale dates like @samp{May 14@ @ 2001} and
@samp{May 14 23:45} unless the user specifies a non-@acronym{POSIX} locale,
in which case use @acronym{ISO}-style dates. This is the default.
@item +@var{format}
Use @var{format} for dates, where @var{format} is interpreted like the
@@ -5416,8 +5417,8 @@ ls -l --time-style=+"%Y-%m-%d $@{newline@}%m-%d %H:%M"
@vindex TIME_STYLE
You can specify the default value of the @option{--time-style} option
with the environment variable @env{TIME_STYLE}. @sc{gnu} Emacs 21 and
later can parse @sc{iso} dates, but older Emacs versions do not, so if
you are using an older version of Emacs and specify a non-@sc{posix}
later can parse @acronym{ISO} dates, but older Emacs versions do not, so if
you are using an older version of Emacs and specify a non-@acronym{POSIX}
locale, you may need to set @samp{TIME_STYLE="locale"}.
@@ -5857,7 +5858,7 @@ creating a destination file of the same type as the source; see the
non-@sc{gnu} systems, @option{-r} implies the equivalent of
@option{-L} and @option{--copy-contents} for historical reasons.
Also, it is not portable to use @option{-R} to copy symbolic links
unless you also specify @option{-P}, as @sc{posix} allows
unless you also specify @option{-P}, as @acronym{POSIX} allows
implementations that dereference symbolic links by default.
@item --remove-destination
@@ -6049,15 +6050,15 @@ Conversions:
@item ascii
@opindex ascii@r{, converting to}
Convert EBCDIC to ASCII.
Convert @acronym{EBCDIC} to @acronym{ASCII}.
@item ebcdic
@opindex ebcdic@r{, converting to}
Convert ASCII to EBCDIC.
Convert @acronym{ASCII} to @acronym{EBCDIC}.
@item ibm
@opindex alternate ebcdic@r{, converting to}
Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC.
Convert @acronym{ASCII} to alternate @acronym{EBCDIC}.
@item block
@opindex block @r{(space-padding)}
@@ -6778,7 +6779,7 @@ same inode, and the inode contains all the information about a
file---indeed, it is not incorrect to say that the inode @emph{is} the
file. On all existing implementations, you cannot make a hard link to
a directory, and hard links cannot cross filesystem boundaries. (These
restrictions are not mandated by @sc{posix}, however.)
restrictions are not mandated by @acronym{POSIX}, however.)
@cindex dereferencing symbolic links
@cindex symbolic link, defined
@@ -7479,7 +7480,7 @@ If the first @var{file} would be a valid argument to the @option{-t}
option and no timestamp is given with any of the @option{-d}, @option{-r},
or @option{-t} options and the @samp{--} argument is not given, that
argument is interpreted as the time for the other files instead of
as a file name. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
as a file name. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance})
does not allow this; use @option{-t} instead.
@cindex empty files, creating
@@ -7696,10 +7697,10 @@ out of date. This is the default.
@opindex -P
@opindex --portability
@cindex one-line output format
@cindex @sc{posix} output format
@cindex @acronym{POSIX} output format
@cindex portable output format
@cindex output format, portable
Use the @sc{posix} output format. This is like the default format except
Use the @acronym{POSIX} output format. This is like the default format except
for the following:
@enumerate
@@ -7714,7 +7715,7 @@ Non-integer values are rounded up, instead of being rounded down or
rounded to the nearest integer.
@item
The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to @sc{posix}.
The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to @acronym{POSIX}.
@end enumerate
@item --sync
@@ -8037,7 +8038,7 @@ vertical tab
@item \\
backslash
@item \@var{nnn}
the character whose ASCII code is @var{nnn} (octal); if @var{nnn} is not
the character whose @acronym{ASCII} code is @var{nnn} (octal); if @var{nnn} is not
a valid octal number, it is printed literally.
@end table
@@ -8115,7 +8116,7 @@ given, to distinguish it from the GNU @code{bash} builtin function
@command{printf}.
For larger strings, you don't need to look up the hexadecimal code
values of each character one by one. ASCII characters mixed with \u
values of each character one by one. @acronym{ASCII} characters mixed with \u
escape sequences is also known as the JAVA source file encoding. You can
use GNU recode 3.5c (or newer) to convert strings to this encoding. Here
is how to convert a piece of text into a shell script which will output
@@ -8177,7 +8178,7 @@ pipeline.
where an unsuccessful command is needed.
By default, @command{false} honors the @option{--help} and @option{--version}
options. However, that is contrary to @sc{posix}, so when the environment
options. However, that is contrary to @acronym{POSIX}, so when the environment
variable @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, @command{false} ignores @emph{all}
command line arguments, including @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
@@ -8204,7 +8205,7 @@ you use @samp{true} in a script, you're probably using the built-in
command, not the one documented here.
By default, @command{true} honors the @option{--help} and @option{--version}
options. However, that is contrary to @sc{posix}, so when the environment
options. However, that is contrary to @acronym{POSIX}, so when the environment
variable @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, @command{true} ignores @emph{all}
command line arguments, including @option{--help} and @option{--version}.
@@ -8581,7 +8582,7 @@ expression operators.
In the regular expression, @code{\+}, @code{\?}, and @code{\|} are
operators which respectively match one or more, zero or one, or separate
alternatives. SunOS and other @command{expr}'s treat these as regular
characters. (@sc{posix} allows either behavior.)
characters. (@acronym{POSIX} allows either behavior.)
@xref{Top, , Regular Expression Library, regex, Regex}, for details of
regular expression syntax. Some examples are in @ref{Examples of expr}.
@@ -8892,7 +8893,7 @@ The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}.
@opindex --portability
Instead of performing length checks on the underlying filesystem,
test the length of each file name and its components against the
@sc{posix} minimum limits for portability. Also check that the file
@acronym{POSIX} minimum limits for portability. Also check that the file
name contains no characters not in the portable file name character set.
@end table
@@ -8989,8 +8990,8 @@ be used in combination with any line settings.
@opindex --file
Set the line opened by the filename specified in @var{device} instead of
the tty line connected to standard input. This option is necessary
because opening a @sc{posix} tty requires use of the @code{O_NONDELAY} flag to
prevent a @sc{posix} tty from blocking until the carrier detect line is high if
because opening a @acronym{POSIX} tty requires use of the @code{O_NONDELAY} flag to
prevent a @acronym{POSIX} tty from blocking until the carrier detect line is high if
the @code{clocal} flag is not set. Hence, it is not always possible
to allow the shell to open the device in the traditional manner.
@@ -9011,9 +9012,9 @@ description. The descriptions themselves refer to the positive
case, that is, when @emph{not} negated (unless stated otherwise,
of course).
Some settings are not available on all @sc{posix} systems, since they use
extensions. Such arguments are marked below with ``Non-@sc{posix}'' in their
description. On non-@sc{posix} systems, those or other settings also may not
Some settings are not available on all @acronym{POSIX} systems, since they use
extensions. Such arguments are marked below with ``Non-@acronym{POSIX}'' in their
description. On non-@acronym{POSIX} systems, those or other settings also may not
be available, but it's not feasible to document all the variations: just
try it and see.
@@ -9081,7 +9082,7 @@ Disable modem control signals. May be negated.
@cindex hardware flow control
@cindex flow control, hardware
@cindex RTS/CTS flow control
Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@end table
@@ -9155,19 +9156,19 @@ empty again. May be negated.
@item iuclc
@opindex iuclc
@cindex uppercase, translating to lowercase
Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-@sc{posix}. May be
Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be
negated.
@item ixany
@opindex ixany
Allow any character to restart output (only the start character
if negated). Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
if negated). Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item imaxbel
@opindex imaxbel
@cindex beeping at input buffer full
Enable beeping and not flushing input buffer if a character arrives
when the input buffer is full. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
when the input buffer is full. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@end table
@@ -9185,74 +9186,74 @@ Postprocess output. May be negated.
@item olcuc
@opindex olcuc
@cindex lowercase, translating to output
Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-@sc{posix}. May be
Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be
negated.
@item ocrnl
@opindex ocrnl
@cindex return, translating to newline
Translate carriage return to newline. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Translate carriage return to newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item onlcr
@opindex onlcr
@cindex newline, translating to crlf
Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-@sc{posix}. May be
Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be
negated.
@item onocr
@opindex onocr
Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-@sc{posix}.
Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
May be negated.
@item onlret
@opindex onlret
Newline performs a carriage return. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Newline performs a carriage return. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item ofill
@opindex ofill
@cindex pad instead of timing for delaying
Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays. Non-@sc{posix}.
Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
May be negated.
@item ofdel
@opindex ofdel
@cindex pad character
Use delete characters for fill instead of null characters. Non-@sc{posix}.
Use delete characters for fill instead of null characters. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
May be negated.
@item nl1
@itemx nl0
@opindex nl@var{n}
Newline delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Newline delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item cr3
@itemx cr2
@itemx cr1
@itemx cr0
@opindex cr@var{n}
Carriage return delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Carriage return delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item tab3
@itemx tab2
@itemx tab1
@itemx tab0
@opindex tab@var{n}
Horizontal tab delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Horizontal tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item bs1
@itemx bs0
@opindex bs@var{n}
Backspace delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Backspace delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item vt1
@itemx vt0
@opindex vt@var{n}
Vertical tab delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Vertical tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item ff1
@itemx ff0
@opindex ff@var{n}
Form feed delay style. Non-@sc{posix}.
Form feed delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@end table
@@ -9274,7 +9275,7 @@ special characters. May be negated.
@item iexten
@opindex iexten
Enable non-@sc{posix} special characters. May be negated.
Enable non-@acronym{POSIX} special characters. May be negated.
@item echo
@opindex echo
@@ -9308,12 +9309,12 @@ characters. May be negated.
@cindex case translation
Enable input and output of uppercase characters by preceding their
lowercase equivalents with @samp{\}, when @code{icanon} is set.
Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item tostop
@opindex tostop
@cindex background jobs, stopping at terminal write
Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-@sc{posix}.
Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
May be negated.
@item echoprt
@@ -9321,7 +9322,7 @@ May be negated.
@opindex echoprt
@opindex prterase
Echo erased characters backward, between @samp{\} and @samp{/}.
Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item echoctl
@itemx ctlecho
@@ -9330,7 +9331,7 @@ Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
@cindex control characters, using @samp{^@var{c}}
@cindex hat notation for control characters
Echo control characters in hat notation (@samp{^@var{c}}) instead
of literally. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
of literally. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item echoke
@itemx crtkill
@@ -9338,7 +9339,7 @@ of literally. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
@opindex crtkill
Echo the @code{kill} special character by erasing each character on
the line as indicated by the @code{echoprt} and @code{echoe} settings,
instead of by the @code{echoctl} and @code{echok} settings. Non-@sc{posix}.
instead of by the @code{echoctl} and @code{echok} settings. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
May be negated.
@end table
@@ -9420,18 +9421,18 @@ If negated, same as @code{parenb istrip opost cs7}.
@item decctlq
@opindex decctlq
Same as @code{-ixany}. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Same as @code{-ixany}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item tabs
@opindex tabs
Same as @code{tab0}. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated. If negated, same
Same as @code{tab0}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. If negated, same
as @code{tab3}.
@item lcase
@itemx LCASE
@opindex lcase
@opindex LCASE
Same as @code{xcase iuclc olcuc}. Non-@sc{posix}. May be negated.
Same as @code{xcase iuclc olcuc}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated.
@item crt
@opindex crt
@@ -9492,11 +9493,11 @@ End the line.
@item eol2
@opindex eol2
Alternate character to end the line. Non-@sc{posix}.
Alternate character to end the line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item swtch
@opindex swtch
Switch to a different shell layer. Non-@sc{posix}.
Switch to a different shell layer. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item start
@opindex start
@@ -9512,20 +9513,20 @@ Send a terminal stop signal.
@item dsusp
@opindex dsusp
Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-@sc{posix}.
Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item rprnt
@opindex rprnt
Redraw the current line. Non-@sc{posix}.
Redraw the current line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item werase
@opindex werase
Erase the last word typed. Non-@sc{posix}.
Erase the last word typed. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item lnext
@opindex lnext
Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special
character. Non-@sc{posix}.
character. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@end table
@@ -9555,13 +9556,13 @@ Set the output speed to @var{n}.
@item rows @var{n}
@opindex rows
Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has @var{n} rows. Non-@sc{posix}.
Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has @var{n} rows. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item cols @var{n}
@itemx columns @var{n}
@opindex cols
@opindex columns
Tell the kernel that the terminal has @var{n} columns. Non-@sc{posix}.
Tell the kernel that the terminal has @var{n} columns. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item size
@opindex size
@@ -9571,11 +9572,11 @@ Print the number of rows and columns that the kernel thinks the
terminal has. (Systems that don't support rows and columns in the kernel
typically use the environment variables @env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}
instead; however, GNU @command{stty} does not know anything about them.)
Non-@sc{posix}.
Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item line @var{n}
@opindex line
Use line discipline @var{n}. Non-@sc{posix}.
Use line discipline @var{n}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
@item speed
@opindex speed
@@ -10249,7 +10250,7 @@ If showing any time terms, then include the time zone using the format
If @var{timespec} is omitted with @option{--iso-8601}, the default is
@samp{auto}. On older systems, @sc{gnu} @command{date} instead
supports an obsolete option @option{-I[@var{timespec}]}, where
@var{timespec} defaults to @samp{auto}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001
@var{timespec} defaults to @samp{auto}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001
(@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not allow @option{-I} without an
argument; use @option{--iso-8601} instead.
@@ -10283,7 +10284,7 @@ Set the time and date to @var{datestr}. See @option{-d} above.
@cindex UTC
@cindex Greenwich Mean Time
@cindex GMT
Use Coordinated Universal Time (@sc{utc}) by operating as if the
Use Coordinated Universal Time (@acronym{UTC}) by operating as if the
@env{TZ} environment variable were set to the string @samp{UTC0}.
Normally, @command{date} operates in the time zone indicated by
@env{TZ}, or the system default if @env{TZ} is not set. Coordinated
@@ -10733,7 +10734,7 @@ The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}.
Add @var{adjustment} instead of 10 to the command's priority.
On older systems, @command{nice} supports an obsolete option
@option{-@var{adjustment}}. @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
@option{-@var{adjustment}}. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards
conformance}) does not allow this; use @option{-n @var{adjustment}}
instead.
@@ -11003,7 +11004,7 @@ signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by
@samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the
@option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid
ambiguity with lower case option letters. The following signal names
and numbers are supported on all @sc{posix} compliant systems:
and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
@table @samp
@item HUP
@@ -11024,7 +11025,7 @@ and numbers are supported on all @sc{posix} compliant systems:
@noindent
Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
numbers. All systems conforming to @sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 also
numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
support the following signals:
@table @samp
@@ -11059,7 +11060,7 @@ User-defined signal 2.
@end table
@noindent
@sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @sc{xsi} extension
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @sc{xsi} extension
also support the following signals:
@table @samp
@@ -11080,7 +11081,7 @@ File size limit exceeded.
@end table
@noindent
@sc{posix} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @sc{xrt} extension
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @sc{xrt} extension
also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
@samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}.
@@ -11439,7 +11440,7 @@ redirected standard output of your program away from your screen.
For filter programs to work together, the format of the data has to be
agreed upon. The most straightforward and easiest format to use is simply
lines of text. Unix data files are generally just streams of bytes, with
lines delimited by the @sc{ascii} @sc{lf} (Line Feed) character,
lines delimited by the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf} (Line Feed) character,
conventionally called a ``newline'' in the Unix literature. (This is
@code{'\n'} if you're a C programmer.) This is the format used by all
the traditional filtering programs. (Many earlier operating systems
@@ -11694,7 +11695,7 @@ $ tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[A-Za-z0-9_ \012]' | ...
The second @command{tr} command operates on the complement of the listed
characters, which are all the letters, the digits, the underscore, and
the blank. The @samp{\012} represents the newline character; it has to
be left alone. (The @sc{ascii} tab character should also be included for
be left alone. (The @acronym{ASCII} tab character should also be included for
good measure in a production script.)
At this point, we have data consisting of words separated by blank space.